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Digestive biscuit
A digestive biscuit, sometimes described as a sweet-meal biscuit, is a semi-sweet biscuit (usually known in American English as a "cookie") that originated in the United Kingdom and is popular worldwide. The digestive was first developed in 1839 by two Scottish doctors to aid digestion.〔 The term "digestive" is derived from the belief that they had antacid properties due to the use of sodium bicarbonate when they were first developed. While it is true that Bicarbonate of Soda is present in the biscuits in large amounts, much of it is decomposed into Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) during cooking, which has only negligible effects on acid production.〔http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/benefits-digestive-biscuits-11577.html〕 Historically, some producers used diastatic malt extract to "digest" some of the starch that existed in flour prior to baking.
==History==
In 1839, digestives were first developed in the United Kingdom by two Scottish doctors to aid digestion.〔 Digestives featured in advertisements for the Berkshire-based biscuit company Huntley & Palmers in 1876, with a recipe being given in Cassell's "New Universal Cookery Book" of 1894. In 1851 an issue of The Lancet London's advertising section offered ''brown meal'' digestive biscuits. At the time, it was asserted grain millers knew only of bran and endosperm. After 10% of the whole grain's coarser outer-bran coat was removed, and because the innermost 70% of pure endosperm was reserved for other uses, brown meal, representing only 20% of the whole grain, remained, consisting of about 15% fine bran and 85% white flour. By 1912 it was more widely known that brown meal included the germ, which lent a characteristic sweetness.
In 1889, John Montgomerie of Scotland filed a U.S. patent application, which was granted in 1890. This patent asserted a prior patent existed in England dated 1886. The U.S. patent, titled "Making Malted Bread", included instructions for the manufacture of digestive biscuits. Montgomerie claimed this saccharification process would make "nourishing food for people of weak digestion".
Despite rumours that it is illegal for them to be sold under their usual name in the United States,〔QI, Season B, Episode 7, "Biscuits", ''In America it is illegal to call them "digestives"''〕 they are, in fact, widely available in imported food sections of grocery stores and by mail order.〔Cost Plus World Market: (Product listing for retail and mail order availability in the United States )〕 In the US, buying digestive biscuits may require a visit to an international market, or they may be ordered from international retailers that have an Internet presence.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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